Salah satu hal yang paling sulit ketika kita memutuskan untuk jadi entrepreneur adalah keluar dari zona nyaman untuk kemudian masuk dalam zona ketidakpastian (penuh risiko). Zona nyaman yang paling berat untuk ditinggalkan adalah mental orang gajian yang serba aman. Artinya, ketika masih jadi pekerja kita tak perlu terlalu memikirkan masa depan perusahaan. Kalau bangkrut maka kita toh tetap dapat uang pesangon. Kalau kineja perusahaan biasa–biasa saja atau malah jeblok maka setiap akhir bulan kita tetap akan terima gaji. Risiko terbesar ada di tangan pemilik usaha, bukan pada karyawan. Jika perusahaan bangkrut, kita bisa pindah kerja ke perusahaan lain.
Berbeda dengan ketika kita memutuskan untuk menjadi entrepreneur. Semuanya menjadi serba tidak pasti. Bisa untung, bisa pula buntung. Maka pada bagian sebelumnya, saya telah menegaskan, salah satu ciri entrepreneur adalah berani mengambil risiko. Banyak perusahaan yang baru beberapa bulan berdiri akhirnya bangkrut. Umumnya ini terjadi pada mereka yang latah atau ikut–ikutan. Saya masih ingat sekitar 3 tahun lalu, saat percakapan mengenai IT (information technology) merebak, banyak kemudian yang terjun ke bidang ini. Sayangnya, hanya sebagian kecil yang masih bertahan dan menguntungkan hingga saat ini.
Menurut entrepreneur terkenal dari Amerika, Victor Kiam, untuk maju seorang entrepreneur haru berani bermain dengan risiko, bahkan mengubah risiko menjadi peluang. Lantas, risiko macam mana yang harus diambil oleh para entrepreneur? Jawabannya cuma satu: risiko yang telah diperhitungkan dengan matang (calculated risk). Tidak main asal seruduk kayak banteng. Melainkan melakukan kalkulasi cermat mengenai prospek usaha yang akan ditekuni. Misalnya, adakah permintaan pasar, bagaimana dengan tingkat persaingan selama ini, bagaimana supply bahan baku, dsb.
Jika memang risiko yang diprediksi itu jadi kenyataan maka sebagai entrepreneur unggulan, kita tidak boleh panik. Kepanikan kita akan membawa musibah besar. Ibarat penyakit menular, kepanikan kita akan segera menular kepada semua orang dalam perusahaan dan pada akhirnya mematikan perusahaan kita. Kita harus tabah dan tegar. Analisa sebabnya dan segeralah cari jalan keluar.
Saya amat yakin keunggulan seorang entrepreneur bukan ditentukan oleh seberapa banyak keuntungan yang bisa diraihnya melainkan seberapa banyak ia dapat bangkit dari kegagalan. Setiap kegagalan menjadi guru baginya. Ia tetap optimis melangkah ke depan. Kegagalan adalah bagian dari masa lalu dan amat tidak layak untuk terulang di masa mendatang.
Salah satu cara yang sering ditempuh untuk meminimalkan risiko adalah dengan mencari pembimbing. Inilah yang paling sulit. Pembimbing yang keliru hanya akan memberikan nasihat yang salah. Jika kita memutuskan untuk jadi orang kaya, maka carilah pembimbing orang kaya yang sudah banyak makan asam garam. Pembimbing yang manjur adalah seseorang yang sudah melakukan apa yang ingin kita lakukan dan ia berhasil.
Pembimbing yang tepat akan mendidik ulang (re-educate) diri kita. Untuk itu kita hanya perlu rendah hati dan membuka pikiran kita agar mampu menyerap ilmu–ilmu baru. Pembimbing yang baik mampu menyederhanakan masalah sehingga lambat laun kita pun akan terlatih untuk dapat berpikir sederhana.
Sebaliknya, pembimbing yang keliru bisa menutup jalan kita untuk lebih sukses. Jika kita memutuskan jadi entrepreneur maka jangan pernah minta saran kepada teman sekantor karena mereka akan bilang, untuk apa mencari ketidakpastian kalau yang pasti–pasti udah di dalam genggaman tangan.
Ingatlah bahwa umumnya semakin besar risiko yang kita ambil maka akan semakin besar pula hasil yang akan kita dapatkan jika kita dapat mengelolanya dengan baik. Jika terjadi kebuntuan, hubungi segera pembimbing kita. Bisa juga kita membentuk semacam tim penasihat atau memakai jasa konsultan namun keputusan terakhir tetap di tangan kita. Sekali kita memutuskan, kita harus konsisten menjalaninya. Nasihat semanjur apa pun tidak akan berguna tanpa dipraktekkan. Bila kita mau berubah, sekaranglah saatnya. Jangan tunggu besok. Act now!
Nah, jika kita telah memutuskan jadi entrepreneur maka bersiap–siaplah mengelola risiko dengan baik. Orang yang tidak berani mengambil risiko ibarat orang yang hanya melihat bunga mawar sebagai bunga berduri. Ia tak berani mendekat karena selalu takut tertusuk duri. Sebaliknya orang–orang yang optimis dan berani ambil risiko, mampu melihat keindahan bunga mawar di balik durinya yang tajam. Mungkin pada tahap awal mereka pun akan tertusuk duri namun makin lama mereka makin mahir untuk menghindari duri dan akhirnya selalu dapat menikmati keindahan bunga mawar. Kita pilih yang mana?
Kamis, 14 Agustus 2008
Jumat, 11 April 2008
E-COMMERCE : BUSINESS MODELS
2.1 E-Commerce Business Models
A business model is a set of planned activities designed to result in a marketplace. The business model is at the center of the business plan. Business plan is a document that describes a firm’s business model
EIGHT KEY INGREDIENTS OF A BUSINESS MODEL
E-commerce business model is a business model that aims to use and leverage the unique qualities of the internet and the world wide web. To develop a successful business model in any arena, not just e-commerce, we must make sure that the model effectively addresses the eight elements. These elements are :
1. Value Proposition
Is defines how a company’s product or service fulfills the needs of customers.
2. Revenue Model
Is describes how the firm will earn revenue, produce profits, and produce a superior return on invested capital.
3. Market Opportunity
Is the area of actual or potential commercial value in which a company intends to operate.
4. Competitive Environment
Refers to the other companies operating in the same marketspace selling similar products.
5. Competitive Advantage
Achieved by a firm when it can produce a superior product and/or bring the product to market at a lower price than most, or all, of its competitors.
6. Market Strategy
The plan you put together that details exactly how you intend to enter a new market and attract new customers.
7. Organizational Development
Development plan that describes how the company will organize the work that needs to be accomplished.
8. Management Team
Employees of the company responsible for making the business model work.
2.2 MAJOR BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C) BUSINESS MODEL
Business to consumer (B2C) e-commerce, in which online business seek to reach individual consumers, is the most well known and familiar type of e-commerce. The major business models utilized in the B2C arena :
1. Portal
Offers users powerful web search tools as well as an integrated package of content and services all in one place
2. E-Tailer
Is online retail store, come in all sizes and shape, from giant Amazon.com to tiny local stores that have Web sites.
3. Content Provider
Distributes information content, such as digital news, music, photos, video, and artwork over the web.
4. Transaction Broker
Site that processes transactions for consumers that are normally handled in person, by phone, or mail.
5. Market Creator
Builds a digital environment where buyers and sellers can meet, display product, search for products, and establish a price for product.
6. Service Provider
Service provider offers services online. Some charge a fee, while others generate revenue from other sources, such as through advertising and by collecting personal information that is useful in direct marketing.
7. Community Provider
Sites that create a digital online environment where people with similar interest can transact, communicate with like minded people, and receive interest related information.
2. 3 MAJOR BUSINESS TO BUSINESS (B2B) BUSINESS MODEL
Major business models that utilized in the B2B arena :
1. E-Distributor
A company that supplies products and services directly to individual business.
2. E-Procurement
B2B e-procurement firms create and sell access to digital electronic market. Sells business services to other firms.
3. Exchanges (B2B Hubs)
A digital electronic marketplace where suppliers and commercial purchasers can conduct transactions.
4. Industry Consortia
Industry owned vertical marketplaces that serve specific industries.
5. Private Industrial Networks
Digital networks designed to coordinate the flow of communications among firms engaged in business together.
2.4 BUSINESS MODELS IN EMERGING E-COMMERCE AREAS
1. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) Business Models
Helps consumers connect with other consumers to conduct business.
2. Peer to Peer (P2P) Business Models
Technology enabling consumers to share files and services via the web,without common servers.
3. M-Commerce Business Models
Extending business applications using wireless technology.
2.5 HOW THE INTERNET AND THE WEB CHANGE BUSINESS : STRATEGY, STRUCTURE, AND PROCESS
1. Industry structure
Refers to the nature of the players in an industry and their relative bargaining power. An effort to understand and describe the nature of competition in an industry, the nature of substitute products, the barriers to entry, and the relative strength of consumers and suppliers, is called industrial structural analysis.
2. Industry value chain
The set of activities performed in an industry or in a firm that transforms raw inputs into final products and services.
3. Firm Value Chain
The set of activities a firm engages in to create final products from raw inputs.
4. Firm Value Webs
Networked trans-business system that coordinates the value chains of several firms.
5. Business strategy
Is a set of plans for achieving superior long term returns on the capital invested in a business firm
A business model is a set of planned activities designed to result in a marketplace. The business model is at the center of the business plan. Business plan is a document that describes a firm’s business model
EIGHT KEY INGREDIENTS OF A BUSINESS MODEL
E-commerce business model is a business model that aims to use and leverage the unique qualities of the internet and the world wide web. To develop a successful business model in any arena, not just e-commerce, we must make sure that the model effectively addresses the eight elements. These elements are :
1. Value Proposition
Is defines how a company’s product or service fulfills the needs of customers.
2. Revenue Model
Is describes how the firm will earn revenue, produce profits, and produce a superior return on invested capital.
3. Market Opportunity
Is the area of actual or potential commercial value in which a company intends to operate.
4. Competitive Environment
Refers to the other companies operating in the same marketspace selling similar products.
5. Competitive Advantage
Achieved by a firm when it can produce a superior product and/or bring the product to market at a lower price than most, or all, of its competitors.
6. Market Strategy
The plan you put together that details exactly how you intend to enter a new market and attract new customers.
7. Organizational Development
Development plan that describes how the company will organize the work that needs to be accomplished.
8. Management Team
Employees of the company responsible for making the business model work.
2.2 MAJOR BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C) BUSINESS MODEL
Business to consumer (B2C) e-commerce, in which online business seek to reach individual consumers, is the most well known and familiar type of e-commerce. The major business models utilized in the B2C arena :
1. Portal
Offers users powerful web search tools as well as an integrated package of content and services all in one place
2. E-Tailer
Is online retail store, come in all sizes and shape, from giant Amazon.com to tiny local stores that have Web sites.
3. Content Provider
Distributes information content, such as digital news, music, photos, video, and artwork over the web.
4. Transaction Broker
Site that processes transactions for consumers that are normally handled in person, by phone, or mail.
5. Market Creator
Builds a digital environment where buyers and sellers can meet, display product, search for products, and establish a price for product.
6. Service Provider
Service provider offers services online. Some charge a fee, while others generate revenue from other sources, such as through advertising and by collecting personal information that is useful in direct marketing.
7. Community Provider
Sites that create a digital online environment where people with similar interest can transact, communicate with like minded people, and receive interest related information.
2. 3 MAJOR BUSINESS TO BUSINESS (B2B) BUSINESS MODEL
Major business models that utilized in the B2B arena :
1. E-Distributor
A company that supplies products and services directly to individual business.
2. E-Procurement
B2B e-procurement firms create and sell access to digital electronic market. Sells business services to other firms.
3. Exchanges (B2B Hubs)
A digital electronic marketplace where suppliers and commercial purchasers can conduct transactions.
4. Industry Consortia
Industry owned vertical marketplaces that serve specific industries.
5. Private Industrial Networks
Digital networks designed to coordinate the flow of communications among firms engaged in business together.
2.4 BUSINESS MODELS IN EMERGING E-COMMERCE AREAS
1. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) Business Models
Helps consumers connect with other consumers to conduct business.
2. Peer to Peer (P2P) Business Models
Technology enabling consumers to share files and services via the web,without common servers.
3. M-Commerce Business Models
Extending business applications using wireless technology.
2.5 HOW THE INTERNET AND THE WEB CHANGE BUSINESS : STRATEGY, STRUCTURE, AND PROCESS
1. Industry structure
Refers to the nature of the players in an industry and their relative bargaining power. An effort to understand and describe the nature of competition in an industry, the nature of substitute products, the barriers to entry, and the relative strength of consumers and suppliers, is called industrial structural analysis.
2. Industry value chain
The set of activities performed in an industry or in a firm that transforms raw inputs into final products and services.
3. Firm Value Chain
The set of activities a firm engages in to create final products from raw inputs.
4. Firm Value Webs
Networked trans-business system that coordinates the value chains of several firms.
5. Business strategy
Is a set of plans for achieving superior long term returns on the capital invested in a business firm
E-COMMERCE : THE REVOLUTION IS JUST BEGINNING
E-COMMERCE : THE REVOLUTION IS JUST BEGINNING
1.1 E-Commerce : The Revolution is Just Beginning
The Amazon story is emblematic of the e-commerce environment of the past two years : an early period of business vision, inspiration, and experimentation, followed by immense difficulties proving new technologies and new business models. Many e-commerce companies failed during this process, resulting in hundreds of bankruptcy fillings.
In 1994, e-commerce as we know it did not exist. In 2003, businesses are expected to spend over $1 trillion purchasing goods and services from other business on the web (U.S Census Bureau, 2003). From a standing start in 1995, this type of commerce, called electronic commerce or e-commerce, experienced growth rates of well over 100% a year, although the rate has slowed and is now growing at over 30% year. These development have created the first widespread digital electronic marketplaces.
It is important to realize that the rapid growth and change that has occurred in the first eight years of e-commerce represents just the beginning-what we could be called the first thirty seconds of the e-commerce revolution. The twenty first century will barely perceive at this time. It appears likely that e-commerce will eventually impact nearly all commerce, or that most commerce will be e-commerce by the year 2050.
WHAT IS E-COMMERCE
E-commerce is the use of the internet and the web to transact business. More formally, digitally enabled commercial transactions between and among organizations and individuals.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E-COMMERCE AND E-BUSINESS
Some argue that e-commerce encompasses the entire world of electronically based organizational activities that support a firm’s market exchanges-including a firm’s entire information system’s infrastructure (Rayport and Jaworski, 2003). Other argue, on the other hand, that e-business encompasess the entire world of internal and external electronically based activities, including e-commerce (Kalakota and robinson,2003).
For the most part, e-business does not include commercial transactions involving an exchange of value across organizational boundaries. It is true, however, that a firm’s e-business infrastructure provides support for online e-commerce exchanges; the same infrastructure and skill sets are involved in both e-business and e-commerce. E-commerce and e-business system blur together at the business firm boundary, at the point where internal business systems link up with suppliers or customers, for instance.
WHY STUDY E-COMMERCE ?
Prior to the development of e-commerce, the process of marketing and selling goods was a mass marketing and sales force-driven process. Consumers were considered to be trapped by geographical and social boundaries, unable to search widely for the best price and quality. Information about prices, costs and fees could be hidden from the consumer, creating profitable “information asymmetries” for the selling firm. Information asymmetry refers to any disparity in relevant market information among parties in a transaction.
E-commerce has challenged much of this traditional business thinking. There’s seven unique features of e-commerce technology that both challenge traditional business thinking and explain why we have so much interest in e-commerce.
SEVEN UNIQUE FEATURES OF E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGY
1. Ubiquity
Available just about everywhere, at all times. A unique feature of e-commerce technology.
2. Global Reach
The total number of users or customers an e-commerce business can obtain.
3. Universal Standards
Standards that are shared by all nations around the world.
4. Richness
The complexity and content of a message.
5. Interactivity
Technology that allows for two way communication between merchant and consumer.
6. Information Density
The total amount and quality of information available to all market participants.
7. Personalization/Customization
- Personalization : the targeting of marketing messages to specific individuals by adjusting the message to a person’s name, interest, and past purchases.
- Customization : changing the delivered product or service based on a user’s preferences or priod behavior.
TYPES OF E-COMMERCE
There are a variety of different types of e-commerse and many different types of e-commerce and many different ways to characterize these types. For the most part, we distinguish different types of e-commerce by the nature of the market relationship-who is selling to whom. The exceptions are P2P and m-commerce, which are technology based distinctions.
1. Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce
The most commonly discussed type of e-commerce, in which online businesses attempt to reach individual consumers.
2. Business to Business (B2B) e-commerce
In which business focus on selling to other businesses, is the largest form of e-commerce, with about $800 billion in transactions in the US for 2002.
3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) e-commerce
Provides a way for consumers to sell to esch other, with the help of an online market maker such as the auction site and eBay.
4. Peer to Peer (P2P) e-commerce
Use of peer to peer technology, which enables internet users to share files and computer resources directly without having to go through a central Web server, in e-commerce.
5. Mobile commerce (m-commerce)
Refers to the use of wireless digital devices to enable transactions on the Web.
GROWTH OF THE INTERNET AND THE WEB
The technology juggernaut behind e-commerce is the internet and the World Wide Web. The internet is a worldwide network of computer networks built on common standards. The internet links businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals together, and provides users with services sucs as e-mail, document transfer, newsgroups, shopping, research, instant messaging, music, videos, and news. The web provides access to an estimated 6 billion pages or documents created in a language called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). These HTML pages contain information, including text, graphics, animations, and other objects, made available for public use.
1.2 E-COMMERCE I AND II
E-commerce I is a period of explosive growth in e-commerce, beginning in 1995 and ending in 2000.
E-commerce II is the current era of e-commerce, beginning in 2001
THE VISIONS AND FORCES BEHIND E-COMMERCE I
For computer scientist and information technologies, E-commerce I was a powerful vindication of a set of information technologies that had developed over a period of forty years, extending from the development of the early internet to the PC, to local area networks.
For economists, e-commerce raised the realistic prospect of a perfect Bertrand Market ; where price, cost, and quality information is equally distributed, a nearly infinite set of suppliers complete against one another, and customers have access to all relevant market information worldwide.
For merchants, the cost of searching for customers would also fall, reducing the need for wasteful advertising.
For real world entrepreneurs, their financial backers, and marketing professionals in the e-commerce I period, the idea of friction free commerce was far from their own visions.
Thus, the E-commerce I period was driven largely by vision of profiting from new technology, with the emphasis on quickly achieving very high market visibility.
1.3 UNDERSTANDING E-COMMERCE : ORGANIZING THEMES
It is useful to think about e-commerce as involving three broad interrelated themes : technology, business and society
TECHNOLOGY : INFRASTRUCTURE
E-commerce is above all else a technologicallydriven phenomenon that relies a host of information technologies as well as fundamental concepts from computer science developed over a 50-year period.
E-commerce relies on all these basic technologies, not just the internet. The internet, while representing a sharp break from prior corporate computing and communications technologies, is nevertheless just the latest development in the evolution of corporate computing and part of the continuing chain of computer based innovations in business.
BUSINESS : BASIC CONCEPTS
While the technology provides the infrastructure, it is the business applications, the potential for extraordinary returns on investment, that create the interest and excitement in e-commerce. New technologies change the strategies or plans existing firms : Old strategies are made obsolete and new ones need to be invented.
SOCIETY : TAMING THE JUGGERNAUT
Since the internet and the web are exceptionally adept at tracking the identity and behavior of individuals online, e-commerce raises difficulties for preserving privacy, the ability of individuals to place limits on the type and amount of information collected about them, and to control the uses of their personal information. The global nature of e-commerce also posses public policy issues of equity, equal access, content regulation, and taxation.
1.1 E-Commerce : The Revolution is Just Beginning
The Amazon story is emblematic of the e-commerce environment of the past two years : an early period of business vision, inspiration, and experimentation, followed by immense difficulties proving new technologies and new business models. Many e-commerce companies failed during this process, resulting in hundreds of bankruptcy fillings.
In 1994, e-commerce as we know it did not exist. In 2003, businesses are expected to spend over $1 trillion purchasing goods and services from other business on the web (U.S Census Bureau, 2003). From a standing start in 1995, this type of commerce, called electronic commerce or e-commerce, experienced growth rates of well over 100% a year, although the rate has slowed and is now growing at over 30% year. These development have created the first widespread digital electronic marketplaces.
It is important to realize that the rapid growth and change that has occurred in the first eight years of e-commerce represents just the beginning-what we could be called the first thirty seconds of the e-commerce revolution. The twenty first century will barely perceive at this time. It appears likely that e-commerce will eventually impact nearly all commerce, or that most commerce will be e-commerce by the year 2050.
WHAT IS E-COMMERCE
E-commerce is the use of the internet and the web to transact business. More formally, digitally enabled commercial transactions between and among organizations and individuals.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN E-COMMERCE AND E-BUSINESS
Some argue that e-commerce encompasses the entire world of electronically based organizational activities that support a firm’s market exchanges-including a firm’s entire information system’s infrastructure (Rayport and Jaworski, 2003). Other argue, on the other hand, that e-business encompasess the entire world of internal and external electronically based activities, including e-commerce (Kalakota and robinson,2003).
For the most part, e-business does not include commercial transactions involving an exchange of value across organizational boundaries. It is true, however, that a firm’s e-business infrastructure provides support for online e-commerce exchanges; the same infrastructure and skill sets are involved in both e-business and e-commerce. E-commerce and e-business system blur together at the business firm boundary, at the point where internal business systems link up with suppliers or customers, for instance.
WHY STUDY E-COMMERCE ?
Prior to the development of e-commerce, the process of marketing and selling goods was a mass marketing and sales force-driven process. Consumers were considered to be trapped by geographical and social boundaries, unable to search widely for the best price and quality. Information about prices, costs and fees could be hidden from the consumer, creating profitable “information asymmetries” for the selling firm. Information asymmetry refers to any disparity in relevant market information among parties in a transaction.
E-commerce has challenged much of this traditional business thinking. There’s seven unique features of e-commerce technology that both challenge traditional business thinking and explain why we have so much interest in e-commerce.
SEVEN UNIQUE FEATURES OF E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGY
1. Ubiquity
Available just about everywhere, at all times. A unique feature of e-commerce technology.
2. Global Reach
The total number of users or customers an e-commerce business can obtain.
3. Universal Standards
Standards that are shared by all nations around the world.
4. Richness
The complexity and content of a message.
5. Interactivity
Technology that allows for two way communication between merchant and consumer.
6. Information Density
The total amount and quality of information available to all market participants.
7. Personalization/Customization
- Personalization : the targeting of marketing messages to specific individuals by adjusting the message to a person’s name, interest, and past purchases.
- Customization : changing the delivered product or service based on a user’s preferences or priod behavior.
TYPES OF E-COMMERCE
There are a variety of different types of e-commerse and many different types of e-commerce and many different ways to characterize these types. For the most part, we distinguish different types of e-commerce by the nature of the market relationship-who is selling to whom. The exceptions are P2P and m-commerce, which are technology based distinctions.
1. Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce
The most commonly discussed type of e-commerce, in which online businesses attempt to reach individual consumers.
2. Business to Business (B2B) e-commerce
In which business focus on selling to other businesses, is the largest form of e-commerce, with about $800 billion in transactions in the US for 2002.
3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) e-commerce
Provides a way for consumers to sell to esch other, with the help of an online market maker such as the auction site and eBay.
4. Peer to Peer (P2P) e-commerce
Use of peer to peer technology, which enables internet users to share files and computer resources directly without having to go through a central Web server, in e-commerce.
5. Mobile commerce (m-commerce)
Refers to the use of wireless digital devices to enable transactions on the Web.
GROWTH OF THE INTERNET AND THE WEB
The technology juggernaut behind e-commerce is the internet and the World Wide Web. The internet is a worldwide network of computer networks built on common standards. The internet links businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals together, and provides users with services sucs as e-mail, document transfer, newsgroups, shopping, research, instant messaging, music, videos, and news. The web provides access to an estimated 6 billion pages or documents created in a language called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). These HTML pages contain information, including text, graphics, animations, and other objects, made available for public use.
1.2 E-COMMERCE I AND II
E-commerce I is a period of explosive growth in e-commerce, beginning in 1995 and ending in 2000.
E-commerce II is the current era of e-commerce, beginning in 2001
THE VISIONS AND FORCES BEHIND E-COMMERCE I
For computer scientist and information technologies, E-commerce I was a powerful vindication of a set of information technologies that had developed over a period of forty years, extending from the development of the early internet to the PC, to local area networks.
For economists, e-commerce raised the realistic prospect of a perfect Bertrand Market ; where price, cost, and quality information is equally distributed, a nearly infinite set of suppliers complete against one another, and customers have access to all relevant market information worldwide.
For merchants, the cost of searching for customers would also fall, reducing the need for wasteful advertising.
For real world entrepreneurs, their financial backers, and marketing professionals in the e-commerce I period, the idea of friction free commerce was far from their own visions.
Thus, the E-commerce I period was driven largely by vision of profiting from new technology, with the emphasis on quickly achieving very high market visibility.
1.3 UNDERSTANDING E-COMMERCE : ORGANIZING THEMES
It is useful to think about e-commerce as involving three broad interrelated themes : technology, business and society
TECHNOLOGY : INFRASTRUCTURE
E-commerce is above all else a technologicallydriven phenomenon that relies a host of information technologies as well as fundamental concepts from computer science developed over a 50-year period.
E-commerce relies on all these basic technologies, not just the internet. The internet, while representing a sharp break from prior corporate computing and communications technologies, is nevertheless just the latest development in the evolution of corporate computing and part of the continuing chain of computer based innovations in business.
BUSINESS : BASIC CONCEPTS
While the technology provides the infrastructure, it is the business applications, the potential for extraordinary returns on investment, that create the interest and excitement in e-commerce. New technologies change the strategies or plans existing firms : Old strategies are made obsolete and new ones need to be invented.
SOCIETY : TAMING THE JUGGERNAUT
Since the internet and the web are exceptionally adept at tracking the identity and behavior of individuals online, e-commerce raises difficulties for preserving privacy, the ability of individuals to place limits on the type and amount of information collected about them, and to control the uses of their personal information. The global nature of e-commerce also posses public policy issues of equity, equal access, content regulation, and taxation.
Senin, 31 Maret 2008
Tentangku
Pada suatu hari tepatnya pada bulan april tahunnya...?? mau tahu aja..? terlahir seorang anak manusia berjenis kelamin laki-laki tulen.., (gak percaya silahkan coba)..anak manusia itu dilahirkan didaerah yang sangat Utara dipulau Sumatera yaitu SUMATERA UTARA alias medan..dan tercipta karena bukan tanpa kesengajaan... hahhhahhah.... jadi bener-bener karena cinta seperti Mesir dan Sungai Nil (Ayat-ayat cinta kaliiii)..
Umur 6,5 tahun aku didaftarkan oleh Babeh.. ke SD tepat tahun.."?" poho deui euy...dari kelas 1-6 aku masuk dalam 3 besar.. 6 tahun kemudian aku lulus dan dilanjutkan ke SMP Negeri 3 Medan.. wah.. disekolah tersebut budayanya sangat..sangat ....Batak Banget.. karena hampir 75% adalah orang Batak Asli.. sedangkan aku asli orang minang/padang..mau tidak may aku harus menyesuaikan dengan kondisi tersebut.. tapi memang bener kata orang asyiknya berteman dengan orang Batak yaitu SOLIDARITAS mereka TOP BGT dehh...(hampir 3 kali dalam 1 bulan kami selalu perang.. dengan SMP yang lain).
Ditingkat SMP ini pulalah aku mulai mengenal yang namanya pacaran.. mun ceuk Sunda mah.. Bobogohan.. ...hehehehhe
3 Tahun kemudian aku masuk SMA Swasta.. karena diNegeri NEMku kalah bersaing dengan yang lain....Dimasa-masa SMA ini banyak kenangan yang tak terlupakan seperti lagu Obie Mesakh...yang lagunya ada "malu..aku malu..pada.. ..????
Lulus dari SMA tepatnya tahun 1998.. aku mencoba SPBM (dulu Supermaru)... dengan pilihan ITB Arsitek dan UI Manajemen .. tapi dasarnya nasib tidak ada satupun yang masuk alias lolos.. akhir nya aku terdampar di Universitas Widyatama Fakultas Teknik Program Studi Teknik Industri (d/h STT Widyatama).. aku juga gak nyangka bisa masuk ke Universitas Widyatama.. apalagi dengan Program Studi Teknik Industri (dulunya Teknik Manajemen Industri).. .. dari Arsitek gitu lho.. apa boleh baut...ehhh buat uang gak cukup ya mau apalagi yang penting kuliah....Dikampus inilah aku bertemu dengan dosen yang nama Didit Damur Rochman.. kalau gak salah ngarin aku SISPROD, PTLF ,,.apalagi ya.....poho...
6 aku kuliah akhirnya .. aku lulus.. dan langsung magang di Pusat Pengendali Mutu Widyatama..gak berapa lama aku ikut test dan lolos menjadi karyawan Widyatama dan bahkan sekarang sudah berstatus tetap..
1 tahun kemudian aku lanjutkan ke Magister Manajemen.. eh.. disini aku ketemu lagi yang namanya Didit Damur Rochman...di MM ini aku diajar ERP dan E-Business oleh Beliau..
to be continued....
Umur 6,5 tahun aku didaftarkan oleh Babeh.. ke SD tepat tahun.."?" poho deui euy...dari kelas 1-6 aku masuk dalam 3 besar.. 6 tahun kemudian aku lulus dan dilanjutkan ke SMP Negeri 3 Medan.. wah.. disekolah tersebut budayanya sangat..sangat ....Batak Banget.. karena hampir 75% adalah orang Batak Asli.. sedangkan aku asli orang minang/padang..mau tidak may aku harus menyesuaikan dengan kondisi tersebut.. tapi memang bener kata orang asyiknya berteman dengan orang Batak yaitu SOLIDARITAS mereka TOP BGT dehh...(hampir 3 kali dalam 1 bulan kami selalu perang.. dengan SMP yang lain).
Ditingkat SMP ini pulalah aku mulai mengenal yang namanya pacaran.. mun ceuk Sunda mah.. Bobogohan.. ...hehehehhe
3 Tahun kemudian aku masuk SMA Swasta.. karena diNegeri NEMku kalah bersaing dengan yang lain....Dimasa-masa SMA ini banyak kenangan yang tak terlupakan seperti lagu Obie Mesakh...yang lagunya ada "malu..aku malu..pada.. ..????
Lulus dari SMA tepatnya tahun 1998.. aku mencoba SPBM (dulu Supermaru)... dengan pilihan ITB Arsitek dan UI Manajemen .. tapi dasarnya nasib tidak ada satupun yang masuk alias lolos.. akhir nya aku terdampar di Universitas Widyatama Fakultas Teknik Program Studi Teknik Industri (d/h STT Widyatama).. aku juga gak nyangka bisa masuk ke Universitas Widyatama.. apalagi dengan Program Studi Teknik Industri (dulunya Teknik Manajemen Industri).. .. dari Arsitek gitu lho.. apa boleh baut...ehhh buat uang gak cukup ya mau apalagi yang penting kuliah....Dikampus inilah aku bertemu dengan dosen yang nama Didit Damur Rochman.. kalau gak salah ngarin aku SISPROD, PTLF ,,.apalagi ya.....poho...
6 aku kuliah akhirnya .. aku lulus.. dan langsung magang di Pusat Pengendali Mutu Widyatama..gak berapa lama aku ikut test dan lolos menjadi karyawan Widyatama dan bahkan sekarang sudah berstatus tetap..
1 tahun kemudian aku lanjutkan ke Magister Manajemen.. eh.. disini aku ketemu lagi yang namanya Didit Damur Rochman...di MM ini aku diajar ERP dan E-Business oleh Beliau..
to be continued....
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